زبانشناسی و زبانLinguistics and Language - Conditional Sentences- 9th sessionجملات شرطی

Conditional Sentences- 9th sessionجملات شرطی

Conditional Sentences ( 9^th session)

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Exceptions

Sometimes Conditional Sentences Type I, II and III can also be used with other tenses.

انواع جمـــــلات شرطي

1- جملات شرطي دسته ي اول ( آينده ي ممكن )

2- جملات شرطي دسته ي دوم ( حال غير واقعي )

3- جملات شرطي دسته سوم ( گذشته ي غير ممكن )

جملات شرطی نوع اول (Conditional Sentences Type I) ( آينده ي ممكن )

if + Subject + Simple Present, subject + will-Future

( زمان آينده ي ساده , زمان حال ساده If )

If you go there, you will see him.

کاربرد: جملات شرطی نوع اول به زمان آينده مربوط ميشوند. اگر اتفاق مورد نظر ما در بند شرطی اتفاق بيافتد يا چنين موقعيتی وجود داشته باشد، اتفاقی که در بند نتيجه بيان شده است، اتفاق خواهد افتاد. در واقع، ما مطمئن نيستيم که چنين اتفاقی پيش خواهد آمد يا نه، ولی اين نوع از جملات شرطی نسبتا واقع گرايانه هستند، يعنی احتمال وقوع چنين اتفاقی وجود دارد. به مثال زير توجه کنيد:

If John has the money, he'll buy a Ferrari.

"اگر جان به اندازه کافی پول داشته باشد، يک ماشين فراری ميخرد."

توضيح: کسی که اين جمله را گفته است، جان را خوب ميشناسد و ميداند که جان ماشين فراری را دوست دارد و درآمدش هم بد نيست. پس به محض اينکه پول کافی داشته باشد، يک ماشين فراری خواهد خريد.

در اين دسته از جملات شرطي كه بر زمان حال و آينده دلالت دارند ، احتمال انجام و يا عدم انجام كار به يك اندازه‌ي مساوي است . در اين نوع از جملات شرطي قضيه شرطي با زمان حال ساده و جواب شرط با زمان آينده ساده ساخته مي شود .

- در شرطي نوع اول مي توان بجاي will از افعال ناقص can - may - should و … استفاده كرد .

If you don’t practice , you ……………. learn English.

a.can b.won’t c.will d.may

نکته: در شرطی نوع اول، وقتی جواب شرط بیان یک حقیقت یا واقعیت علمی و ... باشد، بجای آینده ساده ، زمان حال ساده بکار می رود.

If water freezes, it …………….. a solid.

a. becomes b. may become c. become d. wilbecome

جملات شرطی نوع دوم (Conditional Sentences Type II) ( حال غير واقعي )

if + Subject + Simple Past , subject + would + ………… زمان آينده در گذشته ي ساده , زمان گذشته ي ساده If

If you went there, you would see him.

- جواب شــــــرط با زمـــــان آينده در گذشته ي ســــــاده ( شكل ساده ي فعل + would ) ساخته مي‌شود .

کاربرد: جملات شرطی نوع دوم به زمان حال مربوط ميشوند. وضعيتی که در بند شرطی بيان شده است در حال حاضر وجود ندارد. اگر اين وضعيت وجود داشت اتفاقی که در بند نتيجه بيان شده است ميتوانست اتفاق بيافتد. ما واقعا انتظار نداريم که شرايطی که وجود دارد تغيير کند، فقط تصور ميکنيم که اگر اين وضعيت وجود داشت چه اتفاقی ميتوانست بيافتد يا چه کاری ميتوانستيم انجام دهيم. جمله زير را در نظر بگيريد:

If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.

"اگر جان به اندازه کافی پول داشت، يک ماشين فراری ميخريد."

توضيح: کسی که اين جمله را گفته است، جان را خوب ميشناسد و ميداند که جان ماشين فراری را دوست دارد ولی درآمدش خوب نيست. جان خيلی دوست داشت ميتوانست يک فراری بخرد ولی به نظر نميرسد که به اين زوديها بتواند آنقدر پول داشته باشد که يک فراری برای خودش بخرد.

در اين دسته از جملات شــرطي كه مجازأ بر زمان گذشته و واقعأ بر زمان حال و آينده دلالت دارند ، احتمال عدم وقوع فعل بيشتر از احتمال وقوع آن است.

نکته مهم- در شـرطي نوع دوم مي‌توان بجاي would از افعال ناقص could , should , might نيز استفاده كرد .

نکته مهم- در جملات شرطي نوع دوم در عبارت شرط، برای فعل to be ، معمولأ براي تمام اشخاص were بكارمي‌رود . یعنی حتی برای ضمایر مفرد (it, she , he )، بجای was از were استفاده می‌شود.

If I were a rich man, I could buy a new car.

If he were you, he wouldn’t go there.

3- جملات شرطي دسته سوم ( گذشته ي غير ممكن )

جملات شرطی نوع سوم (Conditional Sentences Type III) ( گذشته ي غير ممكن )

if + Subject +Past Perfect, subject + would have + pp

( زمان آینده در گذشته کامل , زمان گذشته کامل If )

If you had gone there, you would have seen him.

کاربرد: شرطی نوع سوم به زمان گذشته مربوط ميشوند و دیگر فرصت انجام کار وجود ندارد و لذا گذشته غیر ممکن نامیده می‌شود.

- بجای would می‌توان از could, might استفاده کرد.

کاربرد unless بجای if not

در عبارت شرط، unless می‌تواند بجای if not بکار رود و در اینصورت جواب شرط دارای فعل کمکی منفی و عبارت شرط باید دارای فعل مثبت باشد.

Alice won't pass the test unless she studies hard.

نوع تاکیدی جملات شرطی:

1- should + Subject + Verb1+ ………………

If you work hard, you will succeed → Should you work , you will succeed.

2- Auxiliary + Subject + Verb1+ ………………

If I were you, I would not go. → Were I you, I would not go.

3- Had + Subject + pp + ………………

If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.

→ Had you studied harder, you would have passed the exam.

Ex- If I saw her, I would tell you. → Did I saw her, I would tell you.

اصطلاحات

جای فعل و عبارت شرط را می‌گیرند. But for, if it were not for, if it had not been for

If it had not been for the storm, we would have arrived earlier.

But for the storm, we ………………………….

if not بجای or else

Put on your coat. If you don't put on it, you'll catch cold.

→ Put on your coat, or else, you'll catch cold.

Conditional Overview with Examples

Present Real Conditional

Present Unreal Conditional

f I have time, I study English. Sometimes I have time.	If I had time, I would study English. I don't have time.
Past Real Conditional	Past Unreal Conditional
If I had time, I studied English. Sometimes I had time.	If I had had time, I would have studied English. I didn't have time.
Future Real Conditional	Future Unreal Conditional
If I have time, I will study English. If I have time, I am going to study English. I don't know if I will have time or not. Other forms possible.	If I had time, I would study English. I won't have time. Other forms possible

IF-CLAUSE	RESULT CLAUSE	Explanation
simple present verb	simple present verb	if-clause uses simple present result clause uses simple present
If it rains, If it gets cold enough, If I don't do my homework,	my car window leaks. water becomes ice. I learn nothing.	<-expresses an established or predictable fact, or it expresses a general truth
If Marie doesn't eat dinner, If I exercise,	she gets hungry at midnight. I look great!	<-expresses a habitual situation or a habitual activity.
If someone calls,	take a message please.	<-gives a command
simple present verb	modal + simple present verb	if-clause uses simple present result clause uses modal + verb
If it rains,	my window might leak.	<-expresses a fact
If the phone rings,	I will answer it.	<-expresses a future situation
If the weather is sunny,	we can go to the beach Sunday.	<-expresses a future activity

Conditional Sentences: Real and Unreal

We use conditional sentences a lot. Here are a few:

A- If you are late to the theater, you will not be seated until intermission.
If you take the 8 a.m. flight to New York, you don't have to change planes.

B- If I were the ambassador, I'd make sure the President hears about this.
If I were a little taller, I'd be able to water the plant on the top shelf.

If I spoke French, I'd love to talk to Francois.

C- If Ambassador Fox hadn't gone to college with the President, he wouldn't have been given the ambassadorship.
If it had rained last night, it wouldn't be so hot today.

What are the differences in these three groups of conditional sentences?

Notice that the first group of three sentences are all true. Well, we don't know about the 8 a.m. flight, but it sounds as if the information is being given on good authority! All three sentences tell what will happen (result) if certain conditions are met. These are real conditions.

The second group tells what might happen (result) if some unreal conditions were met. I'm not the ambassador, I'm not taller, and I don't speak French. Thus, none of these outcomes (results) will materialize. The third group just speculates about what would result if past conditions had been different. These are considered unreal past conditional sentences.

Forming Conditional Sentences

Conditional sentences have two clauses:

Dependent Clause	Independant Clause
"If" Clause	"Result" Clause
Condition	Result
If you stay in the sun too long,	you will get sunburned!
If you drink too much whiskey,	you will get sick.
If you study hard and practice a lot,	your English will improve.

The clauses can be reversed. If the dependent (If) clause comes first in the sentence, you must separate them with a comma. You shouldn't use a comma if the independent clause comes first.

You will get sunburned if you stay in the sun too long!

You will get sick if you drink too much whiskey.

Your English will improve if you study hard and practice a lot.

The difference in meaning between between the first pattern and the second is in the statement's intent.

Specific Warning:	If you stay up too late, you'll be really tired tomorrow.
General Statement:	You'll be really tired tomorrow if you stay up too late.

Verb Forms with Conditionals

Factual conditions:

If clause=present tense	Result clause=future tense
If you eat too much ice cream,	you'll get sick.
If Betsy needs help,	she will call us.

Unreal Conditions--present:

If clause=simple past	Result clause=would or could + base form of verb
If I had more time,	I'd do exercises everyday.
If you were* rich,	you could buy a large house in the suburbs.
If Patricia owned a dog,	she would walk him everyday.

* It is a peculiarity of unreal conditional sentences that all persons of the verb be are written as were. This will likely disappear in American English in the next 20 years.

If clause=past perfect

Res